Useful traits have been accumulated in plants and animals over the centuries by how plants have undergone through certain phases, specifically called selection. Most of these traits are accumulated naturally but others may be acquired in the opposite way through man-made cultivation. Hope this answers your question.
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Anaphase is the fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Before anaphase begins, the replicated chromosomes, called sister chromatids, are aligned at along the equator of the cell on the equatorial plane. The sister chromatids are pairs of identical copies of DNA joined at a point called the centromere.
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During anaphase, each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes. The chromosomes are separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle is made of many long proteins called microtubules, which are attached to a chromosome at one end and to the pole of a cell at the other end. The sister chromatids are separated simultaneously at their centromeres. The separated chromosomes are then pulled by the spindle to opposite poles of the cell.
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Anaphase ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes, and it is followed by the fifth and final phase of mitosis, known as telophase.
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a specialized form of cell division occurs to form egg and sperm cells : Mitosis, Meiosis, Fertilization
What is Fertilization?
During fertilization, the main nucleus of an embryo is formed by the combination of a paternal sperm nucleus and a maternal egg nucleus. In reality, the process of fertilization in all organisms involves the union of the genetic material from two gametes, or separate sex cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes that are typical for the species. In microorganisms and protozoans, the earliest type of fertilization involves the transfer of genetic material between two cells.
The fusing of the two gametes' membranes, which results in the creation of a channel that allows material to go from one cell to the other, is the first critical event in fertilization.
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Producers................
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Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells do not. The nucleus is where Eukaryotic stores their genetic information.
