* More than 40 proteins and glycoproteins involved in the complement system are synthesized by the liver, macrophages, epithelial cells, they are present in the blood in plasmatic form, membrane, some have an enzymatic activity, regulator or membrane receptorThese are elements of the humoral innate immune response, they fight infections, purify immune complexes and apoptotic bodies.
<span>There are indeed three ways to activate the complement:</span>
Classical pathway: Activated by Immunoglobulins in immune complexes, aggregated Immunoglobulins, DNA, CRP, apoptotic bodies .......it involves nine fractions, starting with C1, then C4, C2, C3, to form a classical C5 convertase, then, activation of C5, C6, C7, C8, C9.
Alternative pathway: activated by polysaccharides (bacterial endotoxin), vascular wall poor in sialic acid, aggregated IgE ...C3b like is the first component in the alternate channel cascade, it will create an amplification loop, and form an alternative C5 convertase.
Lecithin pathway: Activated by mannose, fucose (carbohydrate of microorganisms)The first component is the complex MBL / MASP1 / MASP2: "mannose-binding protein": works according to the same principle as the complex C1 of the classical way (MASP2 cleaves the C4 and the rest of the cascade is equivalent to that of the classical way).
the three ways have the same outcome: A C5 convertase (formed by one of the pathways) cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b: C5b is deposited far from other fractions on the antigenic surface. The fixation of C5b in the cell is followed by that of C6, C7, C8, and C9 (9 molecules of C9): formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) ==> Death of the cell by osmotic shock
<span><span>a. amino acid supplements.
</span>Amino acids are polymers that creates the macromolecule of proteins. To explain clearly there are two factors that determine the shape or structure of the proteins which is mainly influenced by the amino acids.
The two factors that determine the shape of a protein </span><span><span>
1. </span> Primary structure. The sequence of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. It is a strong of linearity that can be thousands in length. Moreover, the formation of the amino acid and its system is influenced by its genes’ nucleotides arrangement. </span>
<span>2. Hence the next factor is how is the structure of the amino acids bended and folded with itself that forms the certain protein molecule and forms the larger complex structure</span><span>
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Answer:
No, glycolysis can not be continued without fermentation in the absence of oxygen.
Explanation:
In the absence of oxygen, cells perform fermentation to oxidize NADH into NAD+. NAD+ is required during the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate into 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate. Fermentation reduces pyruvate and oxidizes NADH so that the NAD+ supply is continued to ensure continuity of glycolysis.
If fermentation does not occur under anaerobic conditions, cells will accumulate pyruvate and NADH. Glycolysis could not be continued in the absence of NAD+.
Answer:To realize the intended benefits of a major change, the people affected must possess sufficient energy for the adaptation process to unfold. The capacity to adapt involves the mental, emotional, and physical means to incorporate new mindsets and behaviors—to absorb the key implications of a change.
Explanation:
Answer:
Let's consider that the allele 'B' is for Black hair colour and it is dominant. Let's consider that the allele for red hair colour is b.
Let's consider the allele for lacking horns or polles is 'P' and it is dominant. The allele for having horns is 'p' and it is recessive.
When two heterozygous black, lacking horns (BbPp) are crossed, the results will have the probability of 9 black/polled : 3 black/horned : 3 red/polled : 1 red/horned organisms.
