Northern Africa, because, well do I really need to explain myself?
We elect senators and representatives for the House. They basically make up what the people who elected them wants, but some are corrupt so they don't really listen to the people. They mainly listen to the people who fund their campaigns. What we do have are the U.S. Constitution and the U.S. Amendments to protect our rights such as forcing the person we elected to do what we want, because if they don't we can "fire" them and elect new ones. (petition)
The Spanish were invading and taking over tribes stealing their riches and killing their people.
I know the first ones where build in Rhode Island, but I don't think that's what the answer wants :/
That would be archeologist.
The Study of Artifacts is called Archeology.