<span>Federal Court Jurisdiction
The authority of a federal court to hear a case, its so-called "jurisdiction," is limited by the constitution to certain subject matters and parties.
Subject Matter
Federal Court Jurisdiction is often involves cases involving "federal questions," - the interpretation of a provision in the Constitution and application of any federal law or treaty, or a question of admiralty or maritime law, or cases between certain parties.
Parties
A case also falls within Federal Court Jurisdiction if the case involves
(1) the United States or one of its officers or agencies
(2) an ambassador, consul, or other official representative of a foreign government
(3) one of the 50 states suing another state, a resident of another state, or a foreign government or one of its subjects
(4) a citizen of one State suing a citizen of another State
(5) an American citizen suing a foreign government or one of its subjects
(6) a citizen of a State suing another citizen of the same State where both claim title to land under grants from different States</span>
During the Napoleonic Era, Napoleon introduced and established many changes that favored most of the French population instead of the aristocracy. For example, he signed an agreement with the Catholic Church which provided freedom of worship; he let the peasants keep the lands that had been taken away from its previous owners (the clergy); he improved the educational system by creating secondary schools called Lycees and a University; he boosted employment and French economy by creating The Central Bank of France which loeaned money to traders and manufacturers; he also created a fairer taxation system from which noblemen and clergymen were no longer exempt.
Low and middle-class people feared that when King Louis XVIII was restored to power, he would eliminate many of these changes that favored them. For this reason, when Napoleon returned from exile, they welcomed him as they thought Napoleon's rule would continue to support the growth and betterment of the low and middle-class population.
They both operate under a government where a small group of individuals make all of the decisions.
