Answer:
C) Through genomic imprinting, methylation regulates expression of the paternal copy of the gene in the brain.
Explanation:
The pattern of gene expression wherein either paternal or maternal gene is expressed in specific cells while the other one is prevented from expression is known as genomic imprinting.
In the given example, the maternal copy of the gene on chromosome 15 is expressed in brain cells while its paternal copy is not expressed in these cells. Hence, the pattern of expression of this gene is regulated through genome imprinting. One of the mechanism is methylation of cytidine residues of CpG islands of the DNA that are more frequently present within promoters of the genes.
When the cytidine residues of these sequences are methylated into 5-methylcytidine, the transcription factors do not bind to these promoters preventing the expression of these genes.
Hence, methylation of cytidine residue in CpG islands of the promoters of the gene present on chromosome 15 could have silenced its expression in brain cells.
The correct answer is E. Vertebrates are all related to a common ancestor
Explanation:
According to biology and evolution, organisms from different species but that share similarities in morphology (body structures) as well as in genetics often have a phylogenetic relationship which means they descend from the same organism or share a common ancestor. This applies to multiple taxonomical levels including classes such as mammals or birds as it has been proved each of this derived from a common ancestor. Therefore, the similarity in the body structure (morphology) in all mammals suggest vertebrates are related to a common ancestor and as they evolved from this, they share similarities not only in terms of morphology but also in genetics.
A class of lipids called prostaglandins is typically produced at the sites of injury or infection and is used to treat both disease and injury. They regulate functions like blood flow, blood clot formation, inflammation, as well as labor induction.
Arachidonic acid, from whom prostaglandins are generated, is what causes inflammation:
- In synthetic form, prostaglandins are used to induce labor and give birth.
- They trigger uterine contractions and have a ring structure with at least two or three and perhaps more carbons.
Effects of prostaglandins in the body are
- The hormone that circulates and regulates the kidney's reabsorption of sodium. Prostaglandins, which seem to be present in high concentrations, directly affect nerve terminals to induce pain.
- The production of the inflammatory response is significantly influenced by prostaglandins. Their production is markedly increased in inflamed tissue, therefore they help to produce the essential symptoms of acute inflammation.
- NSAIDs (which inhibit cyclooxygenase) as well as COX-2 selective inhibitors, sometimes known as coxibs, were examples of prostaglandin antagonists. Cyclopentenone prostaglandins as well as corticosteroids, which block the formation of phospholipase A2, might help to reduce inflammation.
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