During World War II, Native Americans formed an intertribal group they called the National Congress of AmericanIndians (NCAI). They opposed the 1953 laws, including the relocation program, describing them as an attempt tokill off their people. The NCAI as well as other groups that formed later would seek legal means to prevent thetaking of lands and land rights. Some groups were more militant and used the phrase "Red Power" or "NativeAmerican Power."Their efforts did grab the attention of Congress, leading to laws protecting Native Americanrights in education, health care, and child custody rules. The Supreme Court decision Menominee Tribe v. UnitedStates in 1968 ruled that states could not take away Native American rights to hunt and fish on lands theyreceived through past treaty agreements.
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The Northern and Southern sections of the United States developed along different lines. The South remained a predominantly agrarian economy while the North became more and more industrialized. Different social cultures and political beliefs developed. All of this led to disagreements on issues such as taxes, tariffs and internal improvements as well as states rights versus federal rights.
Slavery
The burning issue that led to the disruption of the union was the debate over the future of slavery. That dispute led to secession, and secession brought about a war in which the Northern and Western states and territories fought to preserve the Union, and the South fought to establish Southern independence as a new confederation of states under its own constitution.
The agrarian South utilized slaves to tend its large plantations and perform other duties. On the eve of the Civil War, some 4 million Africans and their descendants toiled as slave laborers in the South. Slavery was interwoven into the Southern economy even though only a relatively small portion of the population actually owned slaves. Slaves could be rented or traded or sold to pay debts. Ownership of more than a handful of slaves bestowed respect and contributed to social position, and slaves, as the property of individuals and businesses, represented the largest portion of the region’s personal and corporate wealth, as cotton and land prices declined and the price of slaves soared.
The states of the North, meanwhile, one by one had gradually abolished slavery. A steady flow of immigrants, especially from Ireland and Germany during the potato famine of the 1840s and 1850s, insured the North a ready pool of laborers, many of whom could be hired at low wages, diminishing the need to cling to the institution of slavery.
