Answer:
DNA vaccines consist of DNA vectors or plasmids (small double-stranded DNA rings originally derived from bacteria, but unable to cause infection) into which the genes encoding one or more immunizing proteins of the infectious agent have been inserted causing the disease to be prevented.
Explanation:
Vectors are the functional unit of naked DNA vaccines. Genes that encode the proteins of interest and are of bacterial origin are inserted into these vectors. Bacterial plasmids are circular DNA molecules that self-replicate extrachromosomally in bacteria. The genes encoded in these plasmids are under the control of promoters, almost always of viral origin. When a plasmid is introduced into the cell it translocates to the nucleus, where transcription of the transgene begins; the transcripts are then taken to the cytoplasm and translated there. The newly synthesized proteins are degraded in the proteasome to 8-10 amino acid peptides, which are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum. Peptides of high affinity with their respective MHC I molecule stabilize and enter the secretory pathway, thus reaching the cell surface, where they are coupled with the T-lymphocyte receptor (TcR) present on the surface of T lymphocytes cytotoxic drugs (CD8 +) to induce their activation.
Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called aqueous solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent are called tinctures.
<h3>What are Antimicrobial solutions?</h3>
The antimicrobial solutions are those solutions that are produced from microorganisms which can be used for the treatment of infection caused by harmful microorganisms.
Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called aqueous solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent are called tinctures.
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0:3:1
Explanation:
Tasters have the dominant allele for the itter taste of PTC, they can be homozygous TT and heterozygous Tt.
Non-tasters are supposed as autosomal recessive characters
they are homozygous recessive tt when expressed
Given in the equation two heterozygotes parents would produce offspring with the trait in the following ratio.
Tt (parent 1)
Tt (parent 2)
If a punnet square is made
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
The phenotypic character is in the ratio of 0:3:1
There will be 25% chances of recessive trait of non-tasters in the progeny of heterozygous parents.
Answer:
chloroplasts
Explanation:
photosynthesis takes place inside plant cells in small things called chloroplasts ( mostly found in the mesophyll layer) contain a green substance called chlorophyll
