The hydrogen bonding of nucleotides into a new DNA molecule is facilitated by enzymes. Hydrogen bonding is the electromagnetic attraction between polar molecules in which hydrogen is bound to a larger atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen. The nucleotides in a base pair are complementary which means their shape allows them to bond together with hydrogen bonds. The A-T pairs forms two hydrogen bonds while the C-G pair forms three. The enzymes called DNA polymerases join the nucleotides by way of phosphodiester bonds.
The enzyme catalyzes (speeds up) the rate at which the substrate is broken down.
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Climate change can melt ice in cold regions, and because ice is freshwater it can change the salinity of the oceans. Some marine animals may not cope with these conditions and may die as a result. This threatens biodiversity because there would be less species of marine life in our oceans.
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the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
