The answer is C. I hope this helps. Let me know if you need further explanation.
The federalist paper is to persuade the states to create a new constitution where a federal government is established. After the American Revolution, the government have less power compared to the state government. To further unite the country, Hamilton and Madison (and others too) wrote the federalist paper to persuade Americans that a strong centralized government is needed. With a federal government, nationality is created. States agreed, but they want some states/human rights included in the constitution. Thus the Bill of Rights were created.
D. 1800s because that's when Cuba, Puerto Rico and Mexico gained independence
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