1, 1863, three years into the war. ... Now the war was about ending slavery, which led to the tide changing in favor of the Union under the leadership of Ulysses S. Grant. The Emancipation Proclamation didn't free all slaves, just those living in Confederate states. Hope that helped!!
Harriet Tubman is responsible for the Underground Railroad. She was the main conductor so to speak.
Under a monarchy, the power to make political decisions is in the hands of one person, usually called a King or Monarch.