Https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/5f/38/fc/5f38fc3ce20c9b6deb0613f73c82e03a.jpg
Here is a image. Hope this helps :)
the answer is the first one: by producing random changes in an organism's genetic code
It overwhelming supported by greater scientific community, and if no experiments have proven it wrong
The answer is palpitation.