Answer:
The missing options are:
A. Potential confounding variables are not always controlled din laboratory studies
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B. Retention tests employed in laboratory studies are usually once merged with factual information rather than emotions
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C. The intensity of emotional responses is more accurately measured after the event in laboratory studies
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D. Memories and emotional experiences as in real life are very different from those generated in laboratory studies.
The correct answer is option D.
Explanation:
Generalizability measures how useful is what scientists have been studying in a laboratory in comparison with the real-life since the first option is a prototype of reality that can miss valuable variables that can have an impact on the real life. With generalizability, we can see if the results of the investigation and the process that scientists used are useful in real life and can apply to other things or communities. The efficiency of generalizability depends on how well the representation of reality was in the laboratory.
The answer is life. It is because operant conditioning is used everyday on young children's life as this enables them to behave in a way their behavior is being shaped and controlled as show reinforcements such as positive or negative in terms of behavior-- this is needed, in order for a child to know where his or her behavior stands and the consequences it leads to.
Undoubtedly, there needs to be a certain degree of arms proliferation in all countries in order to secure their borders from external or internal threats. However, when the military budget of countries like the USA, the world´s largest power, is far greater than the budget destined to meet other needs of the State, these latter ones are unavoidably neglected, to the detriment of the country´s people. On the other hand, if a greater budget is destined to the building of infrastructure, history shows —like in Japan and Germany— that the economy becomes less dependent on warfare and relies more on human capital and culture.
The question then becomes whether economic gain through arms proliferation is more advantageous to the welfare of the people or if the wellbeing of the people —through the building of infrastructure— is more beneficial to any given government. Since the wellbeing of the people is, in principle —based on the International Bill of Human Rights—, the aim of all countries, these should be more preoccupied with the building of infrastructure.
