S phase is the DNA synthesis phase. During this portion of the cell cycle, the cell replicates its entire complement of DNA. It also forms the centrosome, which is the microtubule-organizing center that will eventually help the cell pull apart the DNA that will be divided between daughter cells.
Explanation:
Mutations increase variation within a population.
During the process of cell division, spontaneous changes within the genome can arise. These mutations are errors occur when copies of the DNA within the cell are made; mutations may range from small changes called single nucleotide polymorphisms, to large scale deletions, and additions which span multiple genes. There are two types:
- somatic: these only occur within certain cells, and arise from environmental factors such as UV light
- hereditary: occur within germ cells of the parent and later the fertilized egg which forms a zygote; these are present within all cells of the new organism.
Further Explanation:
During reproduction other events, such as crossing over during mitosis and meiosis, mutations lead to increases in genetic variation. This variation refers to the genetic characteristics present within a species. Mutations may be either beneficial or deleterious; they are maintained within cells, as they form new traits called alleles. Beneficial mutations may confer traits that increase the fitness of a species, along with ensuring survival by conferring a protective advantage- these phenotypic differences between organisms are called adaptations.
Sequences of DNA make up genes which can have different forms called alleles. DNA, which makes up the genotype, is transcribed into mRNA and later translated into amino acids which are linked together by rRNA to form proteins which make up the phenotype of an organism.Mutations in DNA sequences affect the corresponding mRNA and thus the protein encoded.
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They are known as Bacillus
Answer:
The correct answer is c) opsonins
Explanation:
Opsonization is a process in which proteins like antibodies and complement proteins called opsonins bind to the antigens and get it recognized by the phagocyted which destroys the antigen.
Especially when bacteria is having external capsule than it becomes difficult for phagocytes to attach to the capsular surface as the recognition molecule like membrane carbohydrate of antigen is concealed by capsule.
So to encounter this, antibodies like IgG and complement proteins like C3b attaches to the antigen and get it recognized and opsonized by the phagocytes like macrophages. This opsonization causes the destruction of antigen by enzymatic lysis.
Options for the question are not given. They are as follows:
a. arg or lys
b. ala
c. thr
d. leu or ser
e. Only termination codons
Answer:
d. leu or ser
Explanation:
Four codons code for proline amino acid. These are CCT, CCC, CCA, and CCG. Hydroxylamine causes C to change into T or G to change into A.
If first position is changed in each codon:
CCT = TCT (UCU)
CCC = TCC (UCC)
CCA = TCA (UCA)
CCG = TCG (UCG)
These codons produce Serine amino acid.
If second position is changed in each codon:
CCT = CTT (CUU)
CCC = CTC (CUC)
CCA = CTA (CUA)
CCG = CTG (CUG)
These codons produce Leucine amino acid.
Hence, out of the given options, option d. leu or ser is correct.
