<span>A. increase in literacy rates and schools in the south.
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Byzantines did play a role in the first crusade as they allowed the crusaders to pass through their territory, but provided no support.
The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first in a line of crusades, or religious warfare, that the Latin Church of the Middle Ages started, encouraged, and occasionally oversaw. The Holy Land's liberation from Islamic dominion was the goal. Jerusalem had been governed by Muslims for hundreds of years, but by the 11th century, the Seljuk invasion of the area threatened the Byzantine Empire as well as the local Christian communities and Western pilgrimages. The Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested military assistance from the Council of Piacenza in 1095 so that his kingdom might fight the Seljuk-led Turks. This was the first crusade initiative.
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Answer:
D. a spirit of independence in the west.
Explanation:
Women gaining the right to vote represents the spirit of independence as women were becoming more independent.
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Answer: Forced collectivization of the remaining peasants, which was often fiercely resisted, resulted in a disastrous disruption of agricultural productivity and a catastrophic famine in 1932–33.
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