Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
Answer:
There are many benefits of exotic breeds.
For example, the exotic breeds are highly tolerant to various diseases and hence, they are less likely to be suffered from various diseases. They are also highly tolerant to other factors such as temperature, parasites etc.
Explanation:
The spread of roots around a plant is usually greater than the depth of the roots is a completely false statement. It totally depends on the type of plant in regards to the type of root it will have. Normally there are two kinds of roots and they are taproot and fibrous roots. In case of taproots the main root goes downwards and smaller roots branches out of it. In case of taproots, it is true that the spread of roots is smaller than the depth of the roots. In case of fibrous roots, the spread of roots is greater than that of the depth of the roots. A wig tree is an example of a plant having taproot. in the wig tree the root can go to a depth of around 120 meters.
If you observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect the change in the activity of DNA molecule.
<h3>What is the activity of methylated DNA?</h3>
DNA methylation is a process by which methyl is added to the DNA molecule which can change the activity of a DNA without changing the sequence. When it is located in a gene promoter, DNA methylation acts to repress gene transcription.
So we can conclude that If you observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect the change in the activity of DNA molecule.
Learn more about DNA here: brainly.com/question/1328358
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