In the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress made the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction exclusive in suits between two or more states, between a state and a foreign government, and in suits against ambassadors and other public ministers. The Supreme Court's jurisdiction over the remainder of suits to which a state was a party was to be concurrent, presumably with state courts since the statute did not expressly confer these cases upon the inferior federal courts
In the 1793 decision in Chisholm v. Georgia , the Supreme Court sparked controversy when it ruled that Article III permitted an original suit in the Supreme Court against a state by a citizen of another state. Congress and the states reacted quickly to what many saw as a threat to the sovereignty of the states and adopted the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibited such suits in the federal courts.
Answer:
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1-According to Émile Durkheim, religion is not merely "imaginary," but it is a real and tangible phenomenon and there is no society without religion. For Durkheim, it is perceived that in individuals there is a force more powerful than our own individualities. That force is the social dimension to which we attribute a supernatural face. This leads us to be able to control religion collectively while increasing that symbolic power. Religion is the expression of collective consciousness, or the fusion of our individual consciences that is forged into a reality of its own.
2-Marx described religion as the "opium of the people." Religion fulfilled a double function: social and anesthetic, although it disapproved of its foundations. He considered religion as the spiritual response of the classes in conflict, in this case of the oppressed. Religion appears as a conservative force that consolidates and perpetuates the role of a particular social class. Thinking about the abolition of religion is the necessary condition to achieve happiness.
3-Freud considered religion as a kind of neurosis that, at times, approached madness. Religion was a threat to freedom and truth, ultimately, to the happiness of human beings. For Freud, religion was an illusion that tried to cover the most primitive desires of humanity.
Explanation:
An object is marked for garbage collection once its reference count reaches zero. the correct answer is option(b).
A programming technique called reference counting counts the number of handles, pointers, or references to a resource, such as an object, a block of memory, disk space, or another one. Reference counts may be utilized in garbage collection algorithms to deallocate items that are no longer required. When there is no reference to an object in a program, it is deallocated as part of reference counting, a memory management technique.
The object is destroyed and the memory is released when the count is zero. When objects reference one another repeatedly, reference counting is invalid. Even though nothing references the cyclic structure in these situations, each object will be perceived as being referenced and will never be released.
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Answer:
More people might turn to the polls.
Explanation:
Limiting the frequency of elections can result in increase voters turnout as more individual will turn to the polls. Due to the longer breaks between elections, there may be increased competitiveness among aspirants which may bring about increased voters turnout. Secondly, increasing the time limits between elections will result in an increase in the ages of eligible voters between elections which could also result in higher voters turnout.
Answer:
By then, production had already declined and unemployment had risen, leaving stocks in great excess of their real value. Among the other causes of the stock market crash of 1929 were low wages, the proliferation of debt, a struggling agricultural sector and an excess of large bank loans that could not be liquidated.
Explanation: