Answer:
pioneer species
Explanation:
Primary succession begins in barren areas, such as on bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier. The first inhabitants are lichens or plants—those that can survive in such an environment. Over hundreds of years these “pioneer species” convert the rock into soil that can support plants.
To calculate the water's salinity
by Elena
That would be living things.
Because...
Biosphere= living things
Lithosphere= land
Hydrosphere= water
Atmosphere= air