Answer:NADH donates it electron to complex I a higher energy level than other complexes while FADH donates it electron to complex II a lower energy complex.
Explanation:
Both NADH and FADH are shuttle of high energy electrons originally extracted from food into the inner mitochondrial membrane.
NADH donate it electron to a flavoprotein consisting of FMN prosthetic group and an iron-sulphur protein in ETC complex-I. Two electrons and one hydrogen ion are are transferred from NADH to the flavin prosthetic group of the enzyme.
While the electrons from FADH2 enters the ETC (electron transport chain) at the level of co-enzyme Q (complex II). This step does not librate enough energy to act as a proton pump.
So NADH produces 2.5 ATP during the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation because it donates its electron to Complex I, which pump more electrons across the membrane than other complexes.
Answer:
similarities
Explanation:
The concept of reproductive isolation relates more toward genetic similarities to distinguish between species. The barriers prevent closely related species living in the same geographical area from interbreeding. They help to keep each species distinct from the others.
The purpose of ethical guidelines for handling of experimental subjects is to ensure the safety and well-being of all living creatures in an experiment.
Ethical guidelines include issues such as human rights, animal welfare, safety compliance with the law, conflicts of interest, health standards..
Ethical guidelines are the norms for the acceptable and unacceptable behaviors of the researchers.
This is called a urinary catheterization.
Answer:
It means that the cell membrane allows certain substances to pass through and not others. As the cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophobic core, only small uncharged hydrophobic molecules can pass through the cell membrane e.g. glucocorticoid and other larger charged particles require transporters or channel proteins to pass through the cell membrane, e.g. glucose.
