Answer:
Aquatic
Explanation:
In aquatic environments, most of the upper and inferior eukaryons have external reproduction systems, for example, egg lying or free disposal of sperm. This is a common feature on fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, sea-worms, sponges and other lower forms.
It does not count for mammals, having these latest internal systems of reproduction.
All the other environment named, are terrestrial. Where the most majority of the living being had evolved to use internal fecundation.
Nitrification. Hope this helped!
A motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Think of a car, it burns fuel (electrical energy) and turns it into tire spinning (mechanical energy)
Answer:
DNA vaccines consist of DNA vectors or plasmids (small double-stranded DNA rings originally derived from bacteria, but unable to cause infection) into which the genes encoding one or more immunizing proteins of the infectious agent have been inserted causing the disease to be prevented.
Explanation:
Vectors are the functional unit of naked DNA vaccines. Genes that encode the proteins of interest and are of bacterial origin are inserted into these vectors. Bacterial plasmids are circular DNA molecules that self-replicate extrachromosomally in bacteria. The genes encoded in these plasmids are under the control of promoters, almost always of viral origin. When a plasmid is introduced into the cell it translocates to the nucleus, where transcription of the transgene begins; the transcripts are then taken to the cytoplasm and translated there. The newly synthesized proteins are degraded in the proteasome to 8-10 amino acid peptides, which are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum. Peptides of high affinity with their respective MHC I molecule stabilize and enter the secretory pathway, thus reaching the cell surface, where they are coupled with the T-lymphocyte receptor (TcR) present on the surface of T lymphocytes cytotoxic drugs (CD8 +) to induce their activation.
