Microorganism protect themselves against harmful UV light and visible light by using Iron minerals around themselves.
The iron minerals have unique properties in that they block damaging UV radiation while yet allowing organisms to utilise the portion of sunlight required for photosynthesis. UV rays kill cells by damaging their DNA. Two molecules of thymine, one of the bases that makes up DNA, react when exposed to light. The thymine dimer that results is extremely stable. The cell cannot perform its usual tasks if cellular processes are interfered as a result of an inadequate repair or unrepaired damage of thymine dimer.
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When a pigment molecule in a light-harvesting complex absorbs a photon of light, While returning to its ground state, the electron transfers some of the energy from its excited state to an electron in a nearby pigment molecule.
- It takes a photon of light energy some distance before it reaches a pigment molecule like chlorophyll.
- An electron in the chlorophyll is "activated" by the photon. The energy imparted to the electron then moves from one pigment molecule to another until it reaches the reaction center, a pair of chlorophyll a molecules.
- An electron in the reaction center is then excited by this energy, causing it to break loose and travel to the primary electron acceptor.
- Therefore, it is said that the reaction center "donates" one electron to the main electron acceptor.
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20% is in the great lakes
Mountain lions/highest trophic levels receives less energy as energy is lost at each level/mountain lions are larger than most animals and require (smaller) individuals for food.
The publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
<h3>What are cytokines?</h3>
Cytokines are molecules of the immune system that act during different types of immune responses, especially in inflammatory pathways.
Cytokines are mainly secreted by helper T immune cells (T cells) and macrophages.
In this case, the publication above mentioned uses different cytokine biomarkers to test inflammatory responses after orthodontic treatment (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, etc).
In conclusion, the publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
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