Sexually. So through the egg being fertilised by the sperm
Answer:
Explanation:
Base on my understanding of your question, it seems you are comparing susceptibility of disruption of ecosystems with fewer organizations to that of numerous organizations.
Let start from the definition of an ecosystem which can be defined as community of living organisms such plants, animals and non living organisms components in the same environment cohabiting to form a system and are linked together through nutrients and energy cycles. In other word, we can say no organisms exist in isolation and as such they are depend on each others. We also have different type of organisms in an ecosystem which are character as consumer; those that predate on others for their surviver which are known as heterotroph, while some are capable of producing their own food and are termed autotroph either through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Some organismsalso feeds on dead things and they are termed Scavengers or detritivores.
So, going by these explanations, ecosystem with few organizations will be more susceptible to disruption because some organisms will go into extinction as they are being eaten up by heterotroph organism and as such themselves will not survived as their will no food for them to feed on again. As such, the cycle will not complete leading to break in nutrients and energy cycles and eventually the ecosystem will be disrupted. While those with many organizations, the cycles continued as the food chain continues and the ecosystem continue to exist.
all of the above can be considered ecosystems
Answer:Biological structures are able to adapt their growth to external mechanical stimuli and impacts. For example, when plants are under external loads, such as wind force and self-weight, the overloaded zones are reinforced by local growth acceleration and the unloaded zones stop growing or even shrink. Such phenomena are recorded in the annual rings of trees. Through his observation of the stems of spruce, K. Metzger, a German forester and author, realized that the final goal of the adaptive growth exhibited by biological structures over time is to achieve uniform stress distribution within them. He published his discovery in 1893.12 A team of scientists at Karlsruhe Research Centre adopted Metzger's observations and developed them to one single design rule: the axiom of uniform stress. The methods derived from this rule are simple and brutally successful like nature itself. An excellent account of the uniform-stress axiom and the optimization methods derived from it is given by Claus Mattheck in his book ‘Design in Nature’.13 The present study utilizes one of these methods, stress-induced material transformation (SMT), to optimize the cavity shape of dental restorations.
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