Artificial selection is the breeding of organisms to produce specific traits. An example would be to breed two specific dogs to get one dog with different traits such as herding, agility, and playfulness.
Short term effects include memory loss, hangovers, and blackouts. Long term problems associated with heavy drinking include stomach ailments, heart problems, cancer, brain damage, serious memory loss and liver cirrhosis.
I'm not sure what you mean by this but here is a diagram of a nephron!! Hope this helps?