Answer:
Explanation:
Given -
Total Population - 
Individuals with homozygous HbA/hbA genotype - 
Individuals with homozygous hbs/hbs genotype -
Individuals with heterozygous hba/hbs genotype - 
Let us assume the given population is in Hardy Weinberg' equilibrium
The frequency of individuals in the given population with homozygous HbA/hba genotype is equal to number of individuals with homozygous HbA/hba genotype divided by total population.
The frequency of hba allele is equal to
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. This can be beneficial if the change gives a new function to or improves the function of that gene.
<span>The above is a definition. But one must really define "beneficial". Some regard it as beneficial if it helps the specific individual who has it. Others would think it beneficial if it produced some survival advantage that insured more descendents for that individual. </span>
<span>It is the difference between a mutation that allowed for greater athletic ability, but a decreased desire for offspring, versus a more moderate athletic enhancement, but a greater desire for offspring. </span>
<span>The small percentage of ways to improve an organism, versus the near infinite ways of harming the organism, mean that most mutations are not going to be beneficial. At best, they will be "inconsequential" - such as a new shade of eye color, or a mole on a section of your skin. </span>
The populist notion of "powers" that can come from mutations is wildly inaccurate. Even assuming a minor power like the ability to see infra red radiation would take thousands upon thousands of mutations over vast amounts of time. A mutation for blindness is far more likely.
<span>It should also be noted that the traditional model of evolutionary theory no longer applies to man. We don't allow changes in our environment, and without such changes, there is no need for one trait more than another to predominate. After all, it is irrelevent that a mutation might allow for greater speed in running, when everyone drives a car.</span>
Answer:
Sadness is caused when there is a strong emotional reaction to a particular object.
Sadness can sometimes lead to depression, but more commonly sadness can make you feel tired, angry, or stressed.
Explanation:
Plasticity is most adaptive when the environment change <u>Slowly and predictably </u>throughout an organism's life.
The ability of individual genotypes to create various phenotypes when exposed to various environmental situations is known as phenotypic plasticity. Here, the emphasis is on the role of plasticity in evolution rather than the evolution of plasticity itself, i.e., the evolution of phenotypic traits and organismal variety through plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity is a crucial characteristic of developmental systems that enables the organism to deal with environmental variability and/or unpredictability, although its significance for adaptive evolution is still debated.
Learn more about Phenotypic Plasticity here-
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Primary succession would most likely occur after a lava flow.
