The functions that both the nerve cells and muscle cells
have in common are the following;
-
Both cells are excitable
-
They both experience voltage difference in the
cell membrane
-
The cell membrane of both of cells has electrochemical
impulses
HI~ I hope this helps
(these answers were hand-written meaning I did not copy and paste so, feel free to use the answers freely)
1.
When ecosystems change rapidly the fundamental environmental cycles such as the circulation of water, carbon and nutrients can change as ecosystems depend on them. The usage of factors such as freshwater, carbon dioxide emissions and fertilizer provides a large benefit to humas therefore meaning, that large and rapid changes to an ecosystem could also effect the things we as humans rely on.
2.
Complex organic matter is broken down by decomposers into carbon dioxide, water etc. The ecosystem is affected based upon the fact that the decomposition of organic matter that is produced by plants, animals and soil organisms is an important process which affects the different important ecosystem processes like nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration.
3. (could have two answers- I recommend the second)
Adaptation- due to the mutation process which results in changes in the structure and function of organisms, these ecosystems would be different as well as unique. The organisms which possesses the traits needed to adapt could then survive as its unique characteristics due to mutation would provide a strong ability
Rise in temperature- If the temperature located on earth was to rise, organisms would have a higher living rate as bacterial life flourishes in warmer temperatures and dies out in colder ones.
4.
~The rapid change of increased food production provides better life sustainability to those living in the ecosystem.
~The rapid change in a large increasing number of organisms could be helpful as they often live of off one another.
5.
~Rapid growth of things such as phytoplankton which cause dead zones are harmful to the ecosystem. Dead zones create zones where too much oxygen is consumed resulting in areas where plants and sea life can no longer survive.
~Whereas the rapid increase of organisms could also be harmful to an ecosystem as the possibility of the organism outnumbering the food sources could become prominent.
Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
The answer u r looking for is- D, Nuclear Envelope. Hope I’ve helped ;)
