The difference between the meanings of combining forms spondyl/o and vertebr/o is spondyl/o and vertebr/o both mean vertebra. There is no difference because they are both vertebra.
Spondyl/o is a combining form meaning vertebrae. The two combining forms for vertebrae bones of the spine, are vertebr/o and spondyl/o.
The mentioned case represents secondary succession.
Secondary succession is one of the two kinds of ecological succession of plant life. Secondary succession refers to a procedure initiated by an incident, like harvesting, forest fire, hurricane, and others, which minimizes an already settled ecosystem to a lesser population of species.
Thus, it can be said that the secondary succession takes place in preexisting soil on the other hand primary succession takes place in a place devoid of soil.
Secondary succession is the ecological succession, which takes place after the initial succession has been disrupted and certain plant and animal species do prevail. It is usually faster in comparison to primary succession.
The greatest effect of the westernization and commoditization of culture is that they created a global culture that allows competing marketers to drive down product costs. The answer to your question is A. I hope this is the answer that you are looking for and it comes to your help.
Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
False politics & economics have to do with government not the environment but that’s pretty self explanatory
