Answer:
Torture in the Medieval Inquisition began in 1252 with a papal bull Ad Extirpanda and ended in 1816 when another papal bull forbade its use. Although the torture that was sanctioned by the bull was less severe than the torture that could be found in contemporary secular courts.
B. <em>1998</em>. It was in this year that Osama bin Laden co-signed a <em>fatwa</em> (a non-binding legal pronunciation made by a religious authority) with Ayman al-Zawahiri, stating that the killing of North American and their allies was an "individual duty for every Muslim", to "liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque and Mecca from their grip". In the same year a series of U.S. embassies bombings (by terrorist cells linked or incited by al-Qaeda), thorough East African countries killed hundreds of people.
The Principia Mathematica was written by Alfred North Whitehead
William Penn believed deeply in religious freedom and tolerance.
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