The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess <u>collagen fibers</u>.
The intervertebral discs are cartilage, a kind of pad, found between one vertebra and another, whose function is to cushion and distribute loads by stabilizing the movement between the vertebrae.
Its flexible and resistant structure is made up of 95% water and consists of two parts:
- A central, gelatinous consistency, called "nucleus pulposus".
- A fibrous covering that keeps it in place and is called a "fibrous ring", made up of collagen fibers embedded in a matrix of proteoglycans.
Characteristics of collagen fibers in intervertebral discs:
- The collagen fibers of the layers are oriented at alternating angles of ± 60 with respect to the longitudinal axis of the column.
- The concentric layers are not continuous, with more layers appearing in the anterior zone of the ring than in the posterior zone.
- This distribution of its components enables the ring to support axial compression loads (inside the ring), radial compression and circumferential stress (outside the ring) due to compressive loads on the disc; in addition to supporting shear loads of torsion and bending.
- On the other hand, this arrangement of the fibers causes an anisotropic behavior, supporting tension loads, but without resisting compression loads.
Therefore, the intervertebral discs are cartilage whose function is to cushion and distribute the loads that have a "fibrous ring", formed by several concentric layers of collagen fibers, which allows them to absorb shock.
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Microscope, hope this answer was helpful
But anyway, the solution to our problem, the answer to our question is that the stages of stellar evolution, in the correct order, are: a nebula followed by a protostar followed by a main sequence star followed by a red giant and then finally, a white dwarf.
Answer:
The nitrogen gas must be changed to a form called nitrates, which plants can absorb through their roots. The process of changing nitrogen gas to nitrates is called nitrogen fixation. It is carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The bacteria live in soil and roots of legumes, such as peas.
The oldest fossils present at the bottom of rock layer whereas the youngest fossils are present in the top layer.
<h2>Rock layers from oldest to youngest</h2>
The rock layers that is located farthest from the ground surface are considered as the oldest rock layers and rock layers that are closest to the ground surface are considered as the youngest. A fossil is the remains or traces of plants and animals that lived long ago.
<h3>Presence of fossil</h3>
Those fossils which are present at the bottom of the rock layers are considered as the oldest fossil followed by the upper layer's fossil and so on. The fossils present at the top layer are the youngest fossils so we can conclude that oldest fossils present at the bottom of rock layer whereas the youngest fossils are present in the top layer.
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