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Mila [183]
3 years ago
12

What type of immunity provides lifetime immunity for the body against a specific pathogen?

Biology
1 answer:
Tems11 [23]3 years ago
4 0


The type of immunity that provides lifetime immunity for the body against a specific pathogen is called  acquired immunity.  It is also referred to as adaptive or specific immunity.

Acquired  immunity is not present at  birth. it is learned. As a person's immune system encounters foreign substances (antigens) the components of acquired immunity learn the best way to attack each antigen and begin to develop a memory for that antigen. Acquired immunity is also called specific immunity because it tailors its attack to a specific antigen previously encountered. Its uniqueness lies in its ability to learn, adapt and remember.

Acquired immunity takes time to develop after first exposure to a new antigen. However afterward, the antigen is remembered, and subsequent responses to that antigen are quicker and more effective than those that occurred after first exposure. Memory of a particular antigen is kept by the B and T lymphocytes.



 

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Each of the four pedigrees that follow represents a human family within which a genetic disease is segregating. Affected individ
Ne4ueva [31]

 Answer:

<u> The following four traits are -: </u>

  • <u>Pedigree 1 -</u> A recessive trait (autosomal recessive)  is expressed by pedigree 1.
  • <u>Pedigree 2- Recessive inheritance is defined by Pedigree 2. </u>
  • <u>Pedigree 3</u> - The inheritance of the dominant trait (autosomal dominant) is illustrated by Pedigree 3.
  • <u>Pedigree 4-</u> An X-like dominant trait is expressed by Pedigree 4.    

Explanation:

<u>Explaination of each pedigree chart</u>-

  • Pedigree 1 demonstrates the <u>recessive trait </u>since their children have been affected by two unaffected individuals. If the characteristics were X-linked, in order to have an affected daughter, I-1 would have to be affected. X^A In this, both parents are autosomal recessive trait carriers, so the child will be affected by a 1/4 (aa)
  • <u> Recessive inheritance</u> is defined by <u>Pedigree 2</u>. This is<u> X-related inheritance as autosomal recessive</u> inheritance has already been accounted for in part 1. This inference is confirmed by evidence showing that the father (I-1) is unaffected and that only the sons exhibit the characteristic in generation II, suggesting that the mother must be the carrier. The individual I-2 is a carrier for this X-linked trait. A typical  Xa chromosome is attached to the unaffected father (I-1), so the chance of carrier II-5 is 1/2. Probability of an affected son = 1/2 (probability II-5 is a carrier) x 1/2 (probability II -5 contributes (X^A) x 1/2 (probability of Y from father II-6) = 1/8. An affected daughter's likelihood is 0 because a typical X^A must be contributed by II-6.
  • The inheritance of the<u> dominant trait</u> is demonstrated by <u>Pedigree 3 </u>because affected children still have affected parents (remember that all four diseases are rare). The trait must be <u>autosomal dominant</u> because it is passed down to the son by the affected father. There is a 1/2 risk that the heterozygous mother (II-5) would pass on mutant alleles to a child of either sex for an autosomal dominant feature.
  • <u>Pedigree 4</u> is an <u>X-linked dominant function</u> characterized by the transmission to all of his daughters from the affected father but none of his son. On the mutant X chromosome, the father (I-1) passes on to all his daughters and none of his sons. As seen by his normal phenotype, II-6 therefore does not bear the mutation. An affected child's likelihood is 0.    

In the question the pedigree chart was missing ,hence it is given below.

     

7 0
3 years ago
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? regu
lesya692 [45]

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The hypothalamus does not regulate the function of the thalamus, rather it is found below the thalamus where it helps control appetite or feeding; body temperature; the amount of water in the blood (known as osmo-regulation); and sleep rhythms.

Thus, the hypothalamus does not regulate the thalamus.

4 0
3 years ago
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