Mangroves are a group of trees, which are found abundantly in the coastal regions. These trees are well known to provide protection to the shorelines with help of their tangled adventitious roots. The tangled roots hold the soil and prevent it's erosion. It also stabilise the land sediments and perform a function of filtration. they trap pollutants and maintain the clarity of the water.
The roles of mangrove trees are protective. Their dense root systems trap sediments flowing down rivers and off the land which helps in stabilization of the coastline and prevention of erosion from waves and storms. Also, mangrove trees provide natural barriers protecting coastal communities from flooding and hurricanes.
5.They filter water and improve water quality
Mangroves filter water with their dense network of roots and trap sediments, heavy metals, and other pollutants.
You can infer that the birds once had a common ancestor but became separated. Mutations in copying their genes stacked and caused changes in the beaks so the birds could be more well off or better adapted in their new environment.
My guess would be H₂O/ water, since osmosis is a form of passive transport and I can't see the model the question references. Gases like O₂/ oxygen, CO₂/ carbon dioxide, and simple sugars like glucose can also pass through a cell membrane with passive transport though.
