Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
For one thing based off of process of elimination we know that both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane, and a nucleus. Therefore we are left with cytoplasm and cell wall. According to the question we are most likely looking for something in the animal or plant cell that they don’t have in common with each other. Therefore, the answer is cell wall because an animal cell doesn’t have a cell wall, but a plant cell does. The cell wall can also make it more rigid!
Answer:
92.
Explanation:
92 chromatids are visible for humans at prophase stage because the replication of 46 chromosomes occur. When the replication of chromosomes occur, each chromosome is converted into two chromatids so when 46 chromosomes replication occur then it changed into 92 chromatids. So we can say that there is 92 chromatids in humans in the prophase stage of mitosis.
I believe the answer is B.
Answer:
I believe the answer is B. X-spongy;Y-marrow
