Answer:
Constitutive activation is the alteration of a protein or signaling pathway such that it is functional or engaged even in the absence of an upstream activating event. For example, RasD is constitutively active because it cannot bind GAP and therefore remains in the GTP-bound, active state even when cells are not stimulated by growth factor to activate a receptor tyrosine kinase.
Constitutively active Ras is cancer promoting because cells will proliferate in the absence of growth factors, and thus normal regulatory mechanisms for cell proliferation are bypassed.
(a) A mutation that resulted in Smad3 binding Smad4, entering the nucleus, and activating transcription independent of phosphorylation by the TGFβ receptor would render Smad3 constitutively active.
(b) A mutation that made MAPK active as a kinase and able to enter the nucleus without being phosphorylated by MEK would render MAPK constitutively active.
(c) A mutation that prevented NF-KB from binding to IK-B or that allowed NF-KB to enter the nucleus and regulate transcription even when bound to IK-B would render NF-KB constitutively active.
The seeds she planted in the mud grew quicker because the mud is holding nutrition for the corn. The soil is a good guess to make, but the mud is more dense and moist. The water wouldn't have had more nutrients than the mud, just because the mud holds breakdown matter and other things from other plants.
Found in every single organic molecule.
Because it has the ability to get light, photosynthesis would happen. Since it is in an airtight jar, it will use all the CO2 in the jar until all the CO2 is gone and there is only Oxygen left. Photosynthesis's rate will decrease rapidly. After that, the plant will have no more energy since there is no CO2 to allow it to keep with photosynthesis, so it would die off.
Answer;
A bottleneck effect
Explanation;
When only a few individuals survive unfavorable times, thereby losing the majority of genotypes in the next generation, it is called a bottleneck effect.
It occurs when there is a disaster of some sort that reduces a population to a small handful, which rarely represents the actual genetic makeup of the initial population.
