Recreational use for camping, hiking fishing, etc
Clay minerals and quartz these two are most common detrital sedimentary rocks
Spines primarily have a protective function in plants. The spines can be sharp, and form a physical barrier against herbivores which may want to feed on the plant. Spines however also have other benefits. The spines on a jumping cactus allow segments of the cactus to stick to passing large animals or humans, thereby allowing the cactus to spread to other areas through asexual propagation. Spines are modified leaves, and spines have a much lower surface area than leaves, and therefore can reduce transpirative loss of water by the plant during harsh droughts. Some trees in alpine regions, such as pine trees, have developed spine-like leaves to prevent the accumulation of snow in the branches.
Answer:
When the solutions (including inside and outside) were replaced by NaCl, the membrane potential changes from a negative value of -60 mV to a positive value of + 60 mV.
Explanation:
According to the Nernst equation the potential of the membrane for a two-compartment model of a cell for positive gradient of K⁺ ions is V = - 60 mVlogK'/K where K' = inside concentration of K⁺ ions and K = outside concentration of K⁺ ions. For a 10 fold excess of KCl in the inside compartment, K'/K = 10. So,
V = - 60 mVlogK'/K = - 60 mVlog10 = -60 mV.
For a negative gradient of Na ions is V = + 60 mVlogK'/K where K' = inside concentration of Na⁺ ions and K = outside concentration of Na⁺ ions. (Since the cell is selectively permeable to Na⁺ ions. So, Na ions to not flow out but in.)For a 10 fold excess of NaCl in the inside compartment, K'/K = 10. So,
V = + 60 mVlogK'/K = + 60 mVlog10 = +60 mV.
So, when the solutions (including inside and outside) were replaced by NaCl, the membrane potential changes from a negative value of -60 mV to a positive value of + 60 mV.
