Julius Caesar played a role in the decline of the republic in that he caused a great rift between political leaders, but played a role in the rise in that he greatly inspired the people.
Taking an educated guess here -- I think it would be 1, 3, and 4 which all seem pretty reasonable.
D. Petrarch
Petrarch was an Italian poet and scholar who paved the way for the Renaissance by re-discovering Cicero's letters. He has also been called "The Father of Humanism."
For Rome:
-
Romans had a control of influence over the whole
Mediterranean basin. Military victory for generals conveyed not merely glory
and land for the stare but huge personal rewards. Likewise, incontrovertible
military power by establishing the communities they dominated in Italy into a
system that offer huge reservoirs of manpower for the military.
Han Dynasty
-
Civilian Magistrates and Bureaucrats were public
servants.
-
Compete with past models for empire’s principles.
The elites united the common language. They also have faith in ancestor
worship.
-
Wu used military strategies to detach their confederacies.
Meaning, southern tribes surrounders while the northern go westward.
