Answer:
The Etruscans laid the first underground sewers in the city of Rome around 500 BC. These cavernous tunnels below the city's streets were built of finely carved stones, and the Romans were happy to utilize them when they took over the city. Such structures then became the norm in many cities throughout the Roman world.
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The "Cold War" had that name because the two superpowers (the USA and USSR) did not fight a direct "hot" war against one another. They engaged in a protracted stand-off against each other, and had an arms race of nuclear weapons and military strength. They also supported "proxy wars" where they took opposing sides in conflicts happening in other parts of the world (such as the Six Day War in the Middle East).
Further detail:
Some of the deeper issues that caused rivalry and tension between the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) were that the USA was committed to capitalism and democratic institutions of government, whereas the USSR was committed to communism and imposed authoritarian government. The Cold War was mostly a tension between these worldviews.
There were also immediate conflicts and pressure points as the Cold War began in the late 1940s (after World War II). One of those issues was that the USA had atomic weapons and the USSR did not. (The US would not share that technology with the Soviets, who had been their ally in World War II.) When the Soviets developed their own atomic weaponry, this led to a massive arms race between the superpowers -- which brought significantly more tension to the situation. Further tensions developed over which nations would be aligned with each of the superpowers -- either with the USSR and communism and with the USA and its democratic, capitalistic worldview. And (as mentioned above), the two superpowers aided differing sides in conflicts that took place in various parts of the globe during the Cold War years.
It would be the "Western Ghats" that prevents moisture from the summer monsoon winds from reaching the interior of the subcontinent, since its positioning is such that any excess winds are diverted.
Answer:
Eric Hobsbawm, the Marxist British historian, wrote a book called The Short Twentieth Century. The 20th Century had been shorter than other centuries because it had begun in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War and terminated of course early in November 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall. The problem however, and of course we historians we like problems, is that everybody knew what we had left behind with the fall of the wall, but nobody knew what we were heading towards. As Douglas Hurd, the British Foreign Secretary at the time, put it, “this was a system [the Cold War], this was a system under which we had lived quite happily for 40 years.” Or as Adam Michnik, again my Polish solidarity intellectual, put it “The worst thing about communism is what comes afterwards.” While our populations were in jubilation in front of the television screens or on the streets of Berlin, governments were, it has to be said, seriously worried about the implications of this unforeseen, uncontrolled and uncontrollable collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the communist system. Tom Wolf, the American author, at the time had a bestseller called the Bonfire of the Vanities and a British MP that I knew at the time famously rephrased that as the ‘bonfire of the certainties.’ All of the reference points with which we’d lived for half a century and which had organized our diplomacy, our military strategy, our ideology, were like as many props that were suddenly pulled from us.
