the answer is B. grasp the loose skin on the back of its neck
In bryophytes, haploid reproductive cells are produced by the gametophyte. <span>Gamete-producing organs are found on gametophyte plant (the dominant form) and they are called gametangia. The haploid organ that produces male gametes is antheridia, and female producing organ is called archegonia (it produces ovum).</span>
Oxidative phosphorylation requires a proton gradient.
- Cells use enzymes to oxidize foods in the metabolic pathway known as oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport-linked phosphorylation, or terminal oxidation, which releases chemical energy to create adenosine triphosphate.
- This happens inside mitochondria in eukaryotes. The majority of the energy required for biosynthesis, maintaining a healthy ion balance, and mechanical effort is provided by oxidative phosphorylation, which is the principal source of ATP in higher animals.
- A succession of proteins and electron carriers in the mitochondrial membrane, as well as the electron transport chain, are all involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Answer:
<h2>G-A mutation is a point mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide, it is an example of Transition mutation (a base substitutions that changes a purine nucleotide to another purine.</h2>
Explanation:
1. Defective Mitochondrial Gene Expression Results in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).
2. Elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased oxidative stress, results in defects in proper functioning of cell by causing mutation in the DNA and mitochondrial genes.
3. If the mutation is silent mutation, then there is no harm or less harm in the cell, if the mutation is missense or nonsense type then it can affect the functioning of the cell and phenotype of that organism.
4. If their is mutation in mitochondrial tRNA gene, it can affect the translation of mitochondrial mRNA and gene expression.
Isnt it not desirable? you dont want friction to act when you push a box