An indicator species is an organism whose presence, absence or abundance reflects a specific environmental condition. Indicator species can signal a change in the biological condition of a particular ecosystem, and thus may be used as a proxy to diagnose the health of an ecosystem.
Answer: Health officials use three types of data to link illnesses to contaminated foods and solve outbreaks: epidemiologic, traceback, and food and environmental testing.
It depends on which drug is to be given and what is its mechanism of action. e.g. for any antibiotic intra venous route will be a suitable choice whereas in case of a laxative we can administer it rectally if oral is not tolerated.
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Please restate the question , it don’t seem right .
