Question

Citric acid is a naturally occurring compound. what orbitals are used to form each indicated bond? be sure to answer all parts.

Answer 1

Answer : The orbitals that are used to form each indicated bond in citric acid is given below as per the attachment.

Answer 1) σ Bond a: C $sp^{2}$  O $sp^{2}$ .

Explanation : The sigma bonds in the 'a' position involves carbon atom which undergoes $sp^{2}$ hybridisation and has $sp^{2}$ orbitals of carbon and as well as oxygen atoms involved in the bonding.

Answer 2) π Bond a: C has π orbitals and  O also has π  orbitals.

Explanation : The pi-bond at the 'a'position has carbon and oxygen atoms which undergoes pi-bond formation. And has pi orbitals of oxygen and carbon involved in the bonding process.

Answer 3) Bond b: O $sp^{3}$  H has only S orbital involved in bonding.

Explanation : The bonding at 'b' position involves oxygen and hydrogen atoms in it. It has $sp^{3}$ hybridized orbitals and S orbital of hydrogen involved in the bonding.

Answer 4) Bond c:   C $sp^{3}$ O $sp^{3}$

Explanation : The bonding involved at 'c' position has carbon and oxygen atoms involved in it. Both the atoms involves the orbitals of $sp^{3}$ hybridized bonds.

Answer 5) Bond d:   C $sp^{3}$  C $sp^{3}$

Explanation : The bonding involved at the position of 'd' involves two carbon atoms. Therefore, they undergo $sp^{3}$ hybridization. The orbitals involved in this hybridization are also $sp^{3}$.

Answer 6) Bond e:  C1 containing O $sp^{2}$    C2 $sp^{3}$

Explanation : The bonding at the 'e' position involves two carbon atoms on is containing oxygen with double bonds and the C2 carbon atom. The carbon containing oxygen has $sp^{2}$ hybridized orbitals involved in the bonding; whereas C2 carbon ha $sp^{3}$ orbitals.

Answer 2

Different orbitals are used to form each indicated bond.

Further explanation

Citric acid:

Citrus fruits (oranges, Lemon and guava, etc.) have weak organic acid which is known as citric acid. It is used as a natural preservative and also used to give acidic flavor to soft drinks and food.  

Orbitals

Atomic orbitals are regions of space around the nucleus of an atom where is the most probability of founding an electron. The atomic orbitals are involved in the formation of a covalent bond. The orbitals which are commonly filled are s, p, d and f orbitals.

Orbitals used to form bond

Following are the orbitals used to form each bond in citric acid.

1. Ϭ Bond between a carbon and oxygen is C sp2 and O sp2 .
2. Π Bond between carbon and oxygen is C Π and O Π .
3. Bond between an oxygen and hydrogen of hydroxyl group O sp3 H s.
4. Bond between carbon and oxygen of hydroxyl group C sp3 and O sp3.
5. Bond between carbon and carbon C sp3 and C sp3.
6. Bond between carbon and carbon of carboxyl group C1 sp2 C2 sp3.

Answer details

Subject: Chemistry

Level: College

Keywords

• Citric acid
• Orbitals
• Orbitals used to form bond

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