Answer:
Mutation, an alteration in the genetic material (the genome) of a cell of a living organism or of a virus that is more or less permanent and that can be transmitted to the cell’s or the virus’s descendants. The genomes of organisms are all composed of DNA, whereas viral genomes can be of DNA or RNA.
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1. Organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, communities, ecosystems and finally biosphere.
2. (Human Body) Bone cells, Fat cells, Nerve cells.
3. neuron, a collection of neurons, nervous system, brain
4. Plants don't have a liver, stomach or lungs, while animal organ systems do.
The adaptations that a coconut crabs also known as a robber crab is they use a special organ called branchiostegal lung that they use to breathe which other crabs have. This organ is a developmental stage between gills and lungs and is one of the most significant adaptations of the a coconut crab.
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Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. He recognized the mathematical patterns of inheritance from one generation to the next. Mendel's Laws of Heredity are usually stated as:
1) The Law of Segregation: Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair. Parental genes are randomly separated to the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one gene of the pair. Offspring therefore inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in fertilization.
2) The Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.
3) The Law of Dominance: An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the form that is dominant.
SOURCE: http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html