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olchik [2.2K]
3 years ago
10

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the cell at a?

Biology
1 answer:
abruzzese [7]3 years ago
4 0
It is probably the l<span>amellae.
The lamellae are sheets of bony matrix. This bony matrix is produced by o</span>steoblasts, which are cells that synthesise collagen<span> and specialised proteins like </span>osteocalcin<span> and </span>osteopontin. These are then the most important constituents of the bony matrix.
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DCCD (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) inhibits oxidative phosphorylation when the substrate is mitochondrial NADH. DCCD is a drug that
VARVARA [1.3K]

Answer:

A) Decreases cellular energy production

B) DCCD also affects K+ transport

Explanation:

A) Consequences are of DCCD on cellular energy production: <em>Decreases cellular energy production</em>

ATP-synthase pump is composed of two subunits: F1 catalytic subunit that synthesizes ATP, and F0 proton pumping subunits, that transport H+ through the membrane. F1 subunit might act independently of F0 to produce ATP, but this molecule can not be released without H+ gradient, which generates a movement necessary for ATP release from the catalytic center.

When any of the parts composing F0 react with DCCD, the subunit can not transport H+ through the membrane. DCCD inhibits the enzyme activity by blocking the protons´ flow.

As DCCD blocks the protons´ flow, and the protons´ flow is necessary to release the ATP molecule from the F1 subunit, no other ADP + Pi can enter to F1 subunit, and the production of ATP stops.

B) Other cellular effects of DCCD

There seem to be other effects of DCCD on cell activity, some of which are still under study. To name a few:

  • Diimide from DCCD seems to stimulate cytochrome b reduction and inhibits its reoxidation by ferricyanide.
  • When exposing the cell to high concentrations of DCCD for a long time, might occur an alteration in the electron transporting chain
  • Inhibition of ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase activity when exposing the cell to high concentrations of DCCD.
  • Inhibition of K+ transport, associated with the inhibition of H+ transport.

Concerning the effect of DCCD on the K+ transport, DCCD stops the extrusion of H+ and the consequent intrusion of K+.

DCCD strongly inhibits the simultaneous flow of H+ and K+. First, it inhibits H+ flow, acidification of the environment stops, but at this point, K+ keeps moving through the membrane. Once the H+ flow has ceased, the K+ flow slowly decreases until it finally stops moving. There is a lag time in the DCCD effect on K+ flow to the instantaneous effect on H+ flow.

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3 years ago
Compare and contrast the reasons cell division is important for unicellular and multicellular organisms. 2. Provide an example o
Ganezh [65]

(1)

For unicellular organisms, cell division is important for the reproduction of the population, Unicellular organism mainly use cell division, also called binary fission, for pollution growth. This is because unicellular organisms are only composed of one cell.

Multicellular organisms use cell division for growth and reproduction. Cell division causes increase in the number of cells composing the organism hence its growth in size. Cell division is also used to create gametes that are used in reproduction by fertilization.

(2)

Even in fully developed organisms, cell division is important in tissue repair. In tissue homeostasis, there is a balanced rate of cell division and cell death .  An example in muscles. Due to the stress experienced by muscle cells, they usually have a lower life span and therefore the damaged cells are often replaced with new ones by cell division. This prevents tissue wastage.

(3)

Growth factors signal the growth of a cell. They usually bind receptors on the cell surface and indicate how the cell should grow and divide base don environmental stimuli. An example is during regular exercises. Growth factors indicate that the muscle cells should divide regularly and grow bigger to accommodate the higher stress in the muscles from the workout. This is how your muscles grow bigger and stronger with more exercise.  

(4)

Differentiation of cells occurs through the silencing of some gene allowing the cell to produce particular proteins (and other biomolecules) that align with its functions in the body. This especially critical in multicellular organisms.  An example is that while al the cells in your body have the same DNA, some cells differentiate into liver cells while others into lungs, stomach, heart, and etcetera.  

Learn More:

For more on cell division check out;

brainly.com/question/4365207

brainly.com/question/11266913

#LearnWithBrainly

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The mitochondria converts food into energy
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