In DNA, the "rungs" between the two strands of DNA are formed from the nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
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A fall in temperature can also adversely affect cell and cell membranes. At low temperatures, the phospholipids' fatty acid tails are moving less and stiffer. This reduces the membrane's overall fluidity as well as reduces its permeability and perhaps limits the entry into the cells of vital chemicals like oxygen and glucose. Also, low temperatures can impede cell development by preventing cell size expansion.
In severe cases, such long term exposure to sub-freezing temperatures, fluid in the cell can start solidifying and can form crystals that breach the membrane and destroy the cell.
In a population of 10,000 individuals, 300 men are afflicted with a recessive, x-linked disease. 18 woman would be expected to be afflicted in this population
both sickle cell disease and cystic fibrosis. dominant X-linked disease. Gene variations on the X chromosome are the root cause of X-linked diseases. A variation in the one copy of the gene present in each cell is what causes the condition in males (who have only one X chromosome).
Red-green color blindness and hemophilia A: Red-green color blindness are two examples of X-linked diseases. Red-green color blindness is simply the inability to distinguish between the many hues of red and green.
Males who are hemizygous (i.e., have only one X chromosome) will fully express an X-linked disease. Females, who have two X chromosomes, on the other hand, will typically be carriers of the abnormality and are hence typically asymptomatic.
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