Humans had contributed to the increase in earthquake activity by building dams and reservoirs, extracting water from underground, and building geothermal power plants.
Yes. We drill into the earth to mine for gas, oil and minerals and construct massive dams and, as a result, have caused at least 200 quakes of more than 4.5 magnitude in the past 160 years, says Christian Klose, a researcher at Columbia University who studies man-made quakes.The best-known case is the earthquake caused by the Zipingpu Dam, in China's Sichuan province, in 2008. Zipingpu held 42.3 billion cubic feet of water, the weight of which precipitated what Klose says is the largest human-triggered earthquake to date: a 7.9-magnitude quake that killed nearly 80,000 people. Klose estimates that Zipingpu, with nearly 320 million tons of water pressing down on a fault line, contributed enough stress to trigger the quake through a process called impoundment. "If you push your finger on top of a paper plate, the plate will bend," he says. "That same effect works on all the tectonic plates on the Earth's crust." The quake occurred two years after the dam's completion, and its epicenter was a mere three miles from the structure.
Authorities in Basel, Switzerland, shut down the city's geothermal plant after a 3.4 quake in 2006. Tapping geothermal energy involves boring into rock miles beneath the Earth's crust in search of steam as a source of energy. Engineers in areas without much water, such as Basel, sometimes create boreholes by way of hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking," which involves forcefully injecting water to create fissures. Fracking can generate small tremors, but the real damage may happen as excess liquid pools in the cracks between rocks, making them less stable. Although dams have caused some 76 earthquakes, mining is responsible for at least 137 earthquakes, over half the number of man-made quakes to date.
In 1989 a 5.6-magnitude earthquake hit Newcastle, Australia, the direct result of coal mining. Extracting millions of tons of coal added stress to the fault lines, but the real danger resulted from the water that was extracted during mining. For each ton of coal produced, Klose estimates, 4.3 times as much water was pumped out of the ground, a necessary step to prevent flooding inside the mine. But removing so much water dramatically altered the stability of the earth surrounding the mine. Klose says the earthquake caused $3.5 billion in damage—an amount that nearly equaled the profit of all the coal produced by the mine over its 200-year history.
if so,The heavy rocky particles within the inner part of the disk formed planetesimals and eventually, inner planets. In our solar system, the four innermost planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are known as inner planets. They lie inside the asteroid belt. They have volcanoes and valleys and are very hot compared to outer planets.Inner planets are much smaller than the outer planets, and are rocky with an iron core.
It is the necessity of the living organisms to increase their number in order to maintain the continuity of the species. Reproduction is the process through which one organism give rise to a similar organism of its own kind. It is one of the most important characteristics of the living organism.
Climatic climax is a stage in which the plant species live in perfect balance with the current environmental conditions. Although climate is the major influence on vegetation at a global scale, on a local scale other factors such as drainage, geology and relief affect plant growth.
In the process of ecological succession, one community replaces another until a climax community is established. The type of climatic vegetation that grows in a certain geographical area is most directly influenced by a climatic limitations of an area.
<em><u>A climax community is able to exist in a certain geographic region for a long period of time because it remains in equilibrium with the environment.</u></em>
<em><u>Ecosystems tend to change with time until a stable system is formed. All stable ecosystems are characterized by the presence of a specific climax vegetation influenced by the climate of the area</u></em>.
