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3 years ago

What is the formula for a confidence interval?

Mathematics

1 answer:

ikadub [295]3 years ago

5 0

Answer:

a) The formula is given by mean $\pm$ the margin of error. Where the margin of error is the product between the critical value from the normal standard distribution at the confidence level selected and the standard deviation for the sample mean.

b) $\bar X \pm z_{\alpha/2}\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}$

Step-by-step explanation:

Previous concepts

A confidence interval is "a range of values that’s likely to include a population value with a certain degree of confidence. It is often expressed a % whereby a population means lies between an upper and lower interval".

The margin of error is the range of values below and above the sample statistic in a confidence interval.

Normal distribution, is a "probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean".

If the distribution for X is normal or if the sample size is large enough we know that the distribution for the sample mean $\bar X$ is given by:

$\bar X \sim N(\mu, \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}})$

Part a

The formula is given by mean $\pm$ the margin of error. Where the margin of error is the product between the critical value from the normal standard distribution at the confidence level selected and the standard deviation for the sample mean.

Part b

The confidence interval for the mean is given by the following formula:

$\bar X \pm z_{\alpha/2}\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}$

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Problem 4: Let F = (2z + 2)k be the flow field. Answer the following to verify the divergence theorem: a) Use definition to find

Viktor [21]

Given that you mention the divergence theorem, and that part (b) is asking you to find the downward flux through the disk $x^2+y^2\le3$ , I think it's same to assume that the hemisphere referred to in part (a) is the upper half of the sphere $x^2+y^2+z^2=3$ .

a. Let $C$ denote the hemispherical <u>c</u>ap $z=\sqrt{3-x^2-y^2}$ , parameterized by

$\vec r(u,v)=\sqrt3\cos u\sin v\,\vec\imath+\sqrt3\sin u\sin v\,\vec\jmath+\sqrt3\cos v\,\vec k$

with $0\le u\le2\pi$ and $0\le v\le\frac\pi2$ . Take the normal vector to $C$ to be

$\vec r_v\times\vec r_u=3\cos u\sin^2v\,\vec\imath+3\sin u\sin^2v\,\vec\jmath+3\sin v\cos v\,\vec k$

Then the upward flux of $\vec F=(2z+2)\,\vec k$ through $C$ is

$\displaystyle\iint_C\vec F\cdot\mathrm d\vec S=\int_0^{2\pi}\int_0^{\pi/2}((2\sqrt3\cos v+2)\,\vec k)\cdot(\vec r_v\times\vec r_u)\,\mathrm dv\,\mathrm du$

$\displaystyle=3\int_0^{2\pi}\int_0^{\pi/2}\sin2v(\sqrt3\cos v+1)\,\mathrm dv\,\mathrm du$

$=\boxed{2(3+2\sqrt3)\pi}$

b. Let $D$ be the disk that closes off the hemisphere $C$ , parameterized by

$\vec s(u,v)=u\cos v\,\vec\imath+u\sin v\,\vec\jmath$

with $0\le u\le\sqrt3$ and $0\le v\le2\pi$ . Take the normal to $D$ to be

$\vec s_v\times\vec s_u=-u\,\vec k$

Then the downward flux of $\vec F$ through $D$ is

$\displaystyle\int_0^{2\pi}\int_0^{\sqrt3}(2\,\vec k)\cdot(\vec s_v\times\vec s_u)\,\mathrm du\,\mathrm dv=-2\int_0^{2\pi}\int_0^{\sqrt3}u\,\mathrm du\,\mathrm dv$

$=\boxed{-6\pi}$

c. The net flux is then $\boxed{4\sqrt3\pi}$ .

d. By the divergence theorem, the flux of $\vec F$ across the closed hemisphere $H$ with boundary $C\cup D$ is equal to the integral of $\mathrm{div}\vec F$ over its interior:

$\displaystyle\iint_{C\cup D}\vec F\cdot\mathrm d\vec S=\iiint_H\mathrm{div}\vec F\,\mathrm dV$

We have

$\mathrm{div}\vec F=\dfrac{\partial(2z+2)}{\partial z}=2$

so the volume integral is

$2\displaystyle\iiint_H\mathrm dV$

which is 2 times the volume of the hemisphere $H$ , so that the net flux is $\boxed{4\sqrt3\pi}$ . Just to confirm, we could compute the integral in spherical coordinates:

$\displaystyle2\int_0^{\pi/2}\int_0^{2\pi}\int_0^{\sqrt3}\rho^2\sin\varphi\,\mathrm d\rho\,\mathrm d\theta\,\mathrm d\varphi=4\sqrt3\pi$

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3 years ago