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LenKa [72]
3 years ago
13

During and experiment what are the factors observed and measured?

Biology
1 answer:
Monica [59]3 years ago
7 0
Dependent reaction is the factor that is observed and measured
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The Offspring produced by a cross between two given types of plants can be any of the three genotypes denoted by A, B, and C. A
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Complete question:

The offspring produced between two given types of plants can be any of the three genotypes, denoted by A, B and C. A theoretical model of gene inheritance suggests that the offspring of types A, B and C should be in a 1:2:1 ratio (meaning 25% A, 50% B, and 25% C). For experimental verification, 100 plants are bred by crossing the two given types. Their genetic classifications are recorded in the table below.

<em><u>Genotype       Observed frequency</u></em>

    A             →        18 individuals

    B             →        55 individuals

    C             →        27 individuals

Do these contradict the genetic model?  

Use a 0.05 level of significance.

Determine the chi-square test statistic.

Answer:

Do these contradict the genetic model? No, according to the chi-square test, there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis of the population being in equilibrium.  

Explanation:

<u>Available data</u>:

  • Crossed genotypes: two
  • Genotypes among the offspring; Three → A, B, and C
  • Expected phenotypic ratio → 1:2:1
  • Total number of individuals, N = 100
  • A = 18 individuals
  • B = 55 individuals
  • C = 27 individuals

So, let us first state the hypothesis:

  • H₀= the population is equilibrium for this locus → F(A) = 25%,  F(B) = 50%, F(C) = 25%  
  • H₁ = the population is not in equilibrium

Now, let us calculate the number of expected individuals, according to their expected ratio.

4 -------------- 100% -------------100 individuals

1 ---------------  25% -------------X = 25 individuals A

2 --------------  50% -------------X = 50 individuals B

1----------------- 25%--------------X = 25 individuals C

<u>                                                   A                             B                           C</u>

  • Observed                         18                            55                         27
  • Expected                         25                           50                         25
  • (Obs-Exp)²/Exp                1.96                        0.5                        0.16

<u>(Obs-Exp)²/Exp</u>

A)  (18 - 25)²/25 = 49/25 = 1.96

B)  (55 - 50)² / 50 = 25/50 = 0.5

C)  (27 - 25)²/25 = 4/25 = 0.16

Chi square = X² = Σ(Obs-Exp)²/Exp  

  • ∑ is the sum of the terms
  • O are the Observed individuals: 2 in chamber B, and 18 in chamber A.  
  • E are the Expected individuals: 10 in each chamber  

X² = ∑ ((O-E)²/E) = 1.96 + 0.5 + 0.16 = 2.62

Freedom degrees = 2

Significance level, 5% = 0.05  

Table value/Critical value = 5.99

X² < Critical value

2.62 < 5.99    

<em>These results suggest that there is </em><u><em>not enough evidence to reject</em></u><em> the null hypothesis. We can assume that </em><u><em>the locus under study in this population is in equilibrium H-W.  </em></u>

 

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During a windstorm, a large old tree fell in the forest. As it came down, it trapped a young sapling about 5 meters tall underne
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During a windstorm, a large old tree fell in the forest. As it came down, it trapped a young sapling about 5 meters tall underneath it. The top of the 

Auxin and gibberellin in the sapling's stem will cause a gravitropic response in the sapling, and its stop will grow upward even though it is held down. 
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To be considered living, an organism must______?
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A develops as it grows
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The muscle cells of people with muscular dystrophy lack a protein, called dystrophin, that helps maintain the sarcoplasmic retic
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Answer: It will affect muscle contraction because it is needed for the formation of muscle contraction cross-bridge.

Explanation: During muscle contraction calcium binds to troponin, a protein complex that regulates muscle contraction by exposing the binding site of actin filament. Actin filament active site is where myosin head binds to, creating a cross-bridge using enzyme ATPase to speed the reaction. Calcium ion are needed to activate troponin movement, otherwise it stays in its inactive form blocking the active site of actin filament. Without calcium ions, troponin will not move and there will be no muscle contractions.

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