Harsh and extremely cold winter was the main geographical factor that added to German losses at Stalingrad.
Russia is well-known for its cold winters and many people from Western Europe even nowadays complain about severe weather conditions while visiting this country. Thus, this is not surprising, that cold weather became a serious obstacle on the way of Germans.
A. uneven heating of the air
The first known pandemic was the Plague of Justinian, which took place in the Byzantine Empire in A.D. 542, it struck its capital Constantinople, part of the Sassanian Empire in the Middle East and several cities across the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Modern scholars think it started in Central Asia.
