Agricultural goods were overproduced.
During the era between 300 and 1500 CE, many religions expanded throughout Afro-Eurasia due to several reasons, but the main reasons were at least three: missionaries, trade, and empires.
This era saw the rise and expansion of three great world religions: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam.
Buddhism: while this religion (many times considered a philosophical and spiritual system) started around the 6th century BCE, it continued to expand during the era between 300 and 1500 CE. It did so chiefly due to the work of missionaries and Buddhist merchants. Bodhidharma was a Buddhist missioner from India that, during the 6th century CE, took Buddhism to China and, eventually, expanded this religion to the rest of Eastern Asia. Another important element in this period was the existence of the Silk Road that connected Western markets in Europe and the Middle East with the markets of Eastern Asia, like India, China, Mongolia, and Korea. This commercial link allowed the exchange of ideas and beliefs, among which Buddhism played an important role due to the great number of Buddhist practitioners and missionaries that used this road. This religion grew mainly in China and Central Asia thanks to this commercial network.
Christianity: this religion started growing around the Mediterranean Sea during the 1st century CE. Thanks to the work of Christian missioners, the number of followers grew largely in the Roman Empire's territory to the point that the Roman Empire had to recognize it as a legitimate religion in 325 under Emperor Constantine, and it was established as the official religion of the empire in 380 under the Emperor Theodosius. After this event, the Christian Church acquired a strong political and military power and continued with a more aggressive expansion and defense of the Christian doctrine during the following centuries.
Islam: this religion started during the 7th century CE in the Arabian Peninsula following the teaching of the Prophet Muhammad. It rapidly expanded throughout the Middle East, North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula due to military campaigns that established the Islamic Empire. This religion also grew thanks to the labor of Muslim missionaries and merchants that used the trade routes in the Middle East and North Africa.
Hamilton's next objective was to create a Bank of the United States, modeled after the Bank of England. A national bank would collect taxes, hold government funds, and make loans to the government and borrowers. One criticism directed against the bank was "unrepublican"--it would encourage speculation and corruption. The bank was also opposed on constitutional grounds. Adopting a position known as "strict constructionism," Thomas Jefferson and James Madison charged that a national bank was unconstitutional since the Constitution did not specifically give Congress the power to create a bank.
Hamilton responded to the charge that a bank was unconstitutional by formulating the doctrine of "implied powers." He argued that Congress had the power to create a bank because the Constitution granted the federal government authority to do anything "necessary and proper" to carry out its constitutional functions (in this case its fiscal duties).
In 1791, Congress passed a bill creating a national bank for a term of 20 years, leaving the question of the bank's constitutionality up to President Washington. The president reluctantly decided to sign the measure out of a conviction that a bank was necessary for the nation's financial well-being.
Answer:
Pair #1 Congress had no power to regulate foreign trade.
Pair #2 All 13 states needed to approve amendments to the articles
Pair #3 There was no national court
Pair #4 The federal government couldn't levy taxes
Pair #5 Approval of nine states was needed to pass laws
