Answer:
<h3>Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP or GTP by conversion of a higher energy substrate (whether phosphate group attached or not) into lower energy product and a using some of the released chemical energy, the Gibbs free energy, to transfer a phosphoryl (PO3) group to ADP or GDP from another phosphorylated compound. </h3>
<h3>Hope this is fine for you✌️</h3>
Answer:
Adaptive immune responses are triggered by activation of antigen-specific T cells that produce antibodies against foreign antigens such as, for example, harmful viruses. These immune responses are useful to eliminate dangerous molecules from the body. In a normal immune reaction, the antibodies produced by T-cells target antigen molecules in order to be subsequently absorbed by phagocytic macrophage cells.
Autoimmune diseases are triggered by the response of the adaptive immune system against self-antigen molecules. Since the immune system can not eliminate antigens from the own body, this immune reaction generates an excessive inflammatory response, and it may lead to the damage of tissues and organs.
The number one determining factor in the types of organisms that can live in a body of water is salinity, the amount of salt in a body of water. Hope this helped!
1. Passage of a sperm through the corona radiata of the oocyte.
2. Penetration of the zona pellucida.
3.Fusion of the plasma cell membranes of the oocyte and sperm. after fusion the sperm head and tail enters the oocyte but plasma membrane of sperm doesn't.
4. Completion of the second meiotic division of the oocyte. this creates female pronucleus and polar body 2.
5. Formation of the male pronucleus (nucleus of sperm enlarges)
6. Breakdown of the pronuclear membranes and restoration of diploid number of chromosomes.
