Answer:
In Pavlov's classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was the <u>neutral stimulus </u>before conditioning and the <u>conditioned stimulus</u> after conditioning had occurred (option C).
Explanation:
Classical conditioning, proposed by Ivan Pavlov, establishes that two stimuli -one unconditioned that produces a response and one neutral- when associated, convert the neutral stimulus into a conditioned one with a response.
Pavlov's famous dog experiment laid the foundations of classical conditioning:
- A dog is capable of salivating at the sight of food.
- The same dog does not react to a bell.
- When the dog is shown the food and the bell rings, in repeated opportunities, the only sound of the bell will make it salivate, what is a conditioned response.
The bell, a neutral stimulus, and salivation have become a conditioned stimulus and response, respectively.
Regarding other options:
<em> a. A conditioned stimulus does not lead to an unconditioned one.
</em>
<em> b. A neutral stimulus does not result in reinforcement.
</em>
<em> c. Pavlov's experiment did not demonstrate the conversion of a conditioned stimulus into a neutral stimulus.</em>
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Answer:
D) All of the answers are correct
Explanation:
Two people can label the same situation differently which leads to different perceptions. A bad experience could be labelled as a trauma and can lead to several psychiatric disorders like PTSD or depression. Often when we label something we also generalize a situation or a person. Labeling someone in this way can lead other people to oppress that person or take their advantage. For example a label like HIV positive is generally taken in a negative sense by people and it overshadows all other aspects of a person's life.
