Answer:
Option I
Explanation:
Muscles are able to use glucose, fatty acids and ketone bodies as a source of fuel. Option 2 is false as if glycogen degradation and synthesis rates are equivalent, there will be no net release of glucose of synthesis of glycogen which would be a 'waste' or resources in the muscles cells. Do note that this does not happen in a muscle cell as normally either one of the processes are dominant, not both at the same time. Option 3 is incorrect as muscles cells do not have glucagon receptors and hence cannot respond to glucagon nor perform gluconeogenesis (only happens in the liver). Glycogenolysis in the muscles are to supply energy to the muscles for movement, not release glucose to the bloodstream hence it will not respond to glucagon in the bloodstream.
Competitive inhibition vs allosteric inhibition
In competitive the substrate and inhibitor bind at the same active site - pretty straightforward. In allosteric regulation (speaking specifically about inhibition here), the inhibitor is binding at a site other than the active site, and changing the enzyme in some way to make it inactive.
Answer:
Background
During the course of a bacterial infection, the rapid identification of the causative agent(s) is necessary for the determination of effective treatment options. We have developed a method based on a modified broad-range PCR and an oligonucleotide microarray for the simultaneous detection and identification of 12 bacterial pathogens at the species level. The broad-range PCR primer mixture was designed using conserved regions of the bacterial topoisomerase genes gyrB and parE. The primer design allowed the use of a novel DNA amplification method, which produced labeled, single-stranded DNA suitable for microarray hybridization. The probes on the microarray were designed from the alignments of species- or genus-specific variable regions of the gyrB and parE genes flanked by the primers. We included mecA-specific primers and probes in the same assay to indicate the presence of methicillin resistance in the bacterial species. The feasibility of this assay in routine diagnostic testing was evaluated using 146 blood culture positive and 40 blood culture negative samples.
Explanation:
Results
Comparison of our results with those of a conventional culture-based method revealed a sensitivity of 96% (initial sensitivity of 82%) and specificity of 98%. Furthermore, only one cross-reaction was observed upon investigating 102 culture isolates from 70 untargeted bacteria. The total assay time was only three hours, including the time required for the DNA extraction, PCR and microarray steps in sequence.
