The small intestine is the pathway for chyme. What else does it do?

1 answer:

8 0

Getting water, salt, and minerals using villi. That the villi do not remove from the chyme—such as the fragments of fruits and vegetables—passes on to the large intestine<span>
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State the major processes of the urinary system and describe the activity of each process.

Dennis_Churaev [7]

Answer:

The urinary system removes excess substances and waste products from the metabolism from the body through the urine, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis, the chemical composition of the internal environment. Urine is produced in the kidneys, passes through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored and is released into the exterior through the urethra.

The kidneys perform the main work of the urinary system comparing with the other parts of the system, acting primarily as passageways and storage areas. With the filtration of blood and the formation of urine, the kidneys contribute to homeostasis of body fluids in a number of ways, such as: Regulation of the ionic composition of blood; Maintenance of blood osmolarity; Regulation of blood volume; Blood pressure regulation; PH regulation of blood; Hormone release; Regulation of blood glucose level; Waste excretion and toxic substances.

Ureters - They are two tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The ureters are capable of performing rhythmic contractions called peristalsis. Urine moves along the ureters in response to gravity and peristalsis.

Bladder - The urinary bladder acts as a temporary reservoir for urine storage. It is a hollow, elastic muscular organ that in men is directly anterior to the rectum and in women, is located in front of the vagina and below the uterus.

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Indicate whether each of the following statements is true of depurination (DP), deamination (DA), or pyrimidine dimer formation

solniwko [45]

Answer:

- This process is caused by spontaneous hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond: depurination and deamination

- This process is induced by ultraviolet light: pyrimidine dimer formation

- This can happen to guanine but not to cytosine: depurination

- This can happen to thymine but not to adenine: pyrimidine dimer formation

- This can happen to thymine but not to cytosine: none

- Repair involves a DNA glycosylase: deamination

- Repair involves an endonuclease: depurination, deamination and pyrimidine dimer formation

- Repair involves DNA ligase: depurination, deamination and pyrimidine dimer formation

- Repair depends on the existence of separate copies of the genetic information in the two strands of the double helix: depurination, deamination and pyrimidine dimer formation

- Repair depends on cleavage of both strands of the double helix: none

Explanation:

Depurination is the loss of purine bases (either adenine or guanine), while deamination refers to the removal of an amino group. During depurination, a β-N-glycosidic bond is cleaved by hydrolysis and a nucleic base is released (either adenine or guanine). All DNA bases may undergo deamination, except thymine (since thymine does not have an amino group). The ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause thymine or cytosine to form dimers (e.g., pyrimidine dimers), being thymine dimers the most common lesion when DNA is exposed to UV light. Pyrimidine dimers may be repaired by different excision mechanisms, e.g., nucleotide excision repair, where the recognition of the DNA damage leads to the removal of the DNA fragment containing the lesion. DNA glycosylases are enzymes involved in the mechanism of base excision, these enzymes recognize and remove damaged bases by hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond, producing an abasic (apurinic and apyrimidinic) site. A DNA ligase enzyme covalently joins two DNA molecules by forming a phosphodiester bond, which is required during these processes.

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