Answer:
d. less than 100% of the energy captured from sunlight is transformed into potential energy in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient and then into potential energy in the form of covalent bonds
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is process utilized by plants, several bacteria and protists to convert the light energy to chemical energy. So they utilize the photosynthesis as the powerhouse for the energy production. Heterotrophs like human that cannot synthesize their own food, use this converted form of energy by autotrophs.
During the light reaction of photosynthesis the photons from light are absorbed by photosystem I and II. These photons excites the electrons which flow through the electron transport chain from higher potential to lower potential. These electrons release the energy while moving from higher potential to lower potential which is utilized by H+ pump to pump the H+ to lumen of plastids from stroma and of course not the 100% energy is utilized some of the energy dissipates. . So this process causes the accumulation of high potential H+ ions across the membrane. These H+ ions are utilized for the production of ATP by ATP synthase complex when they flow back to lower potential across the membrane through ATP synthase complex.
The ATP and NADPH produced from light reaction are utilized to combine carbon molecules during dark reaction. The covalent bond is used to combine the carbon molecules and we know that combining carbon molecules stores energy in the form of covalent bond.
iconic bonds are formed between a cation(metal) and an anion (nonmetal)
It is virtually impossible to locate the genetic factors involved in most psychological characteristics because of <u>polygenic inheritance</u>.
Multiple genes, or polygenes, generate features in polygenic inheritance. Numerous diverse phenotypes, or displayed qualities, may be expressed through polygenic traits. When phenotypes were expressed, a variety of inherited qualities are mixed together due to polygenic inheritance, a kind of incomplete dominant inheritance.
The phenotypic, such as the color of one's hair or skin, is produced by polygenes working together. Polygenic traits don't inherit in the same ways as Mendelian traits do. Multifactorial traits will be many polygenic qualities that have been additionally influenced through the environment.
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Intramembranous Ossification is the formation of bone from within fibrous membranes.
The other method of bone formation, Endochondral Ossification, is the formation of bone from preexisting hyaline cartilage models.
Answer:
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
Explanation:
Helper T cells become activated when they are presented with peptide antigens by MHC class II molecules, which are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete cytokines that regulate or assist the immune response.
